Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders:
1. Neurological disorders in the context of the global burden of disease
Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias
2. Lifestyle modifications and nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jayapriya Mishra, Abhishek Sehrawat, Eva Sharma, Rubal Kanozia, Umashanker Navik, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
3. The Gut microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease
Mónica Morales, Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta, Julieta Hernandez-Acosta, Marina Chacón, Vicente Sánchez-Valle, and Claudia Perez-Cruz
4. The Mediterranean diet: Unsaturated fatty acids and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
José A. Estrada and Irazú Contreras
5. Malnutrition and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease
Sameer Chaudhary, Sapana Chaudhary, Sakshi Rawat, and Jayashri Prasanan

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
6. Hydration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Adriana Leico Oda and Cristina C.S. Salvioni
7. Diet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Zoe Castles, Lauren Buckett, Leanne Jiang, Frederik J. Steyn, and Shyuan T. Ngo
8. Nutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ALS
Michele Barone and Isabella Laura Simone
9. Fatty acid profiling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Minic Rajna, Stevic Zorica, and Arsic Aleksandra

Part III - Brain injury
10. High-fat diets in traumatic brain injury: A ketogenic diet resolves what the western diet messes up: Neuroinflammation and beyond
Nour-Mounira Z. Bakkar, Stanley Ibeh, Ibrahim Alzaim, Ahmed F. El-Yazbi, and Firas Kobeissy
11. Brain injury, anthropometry, and nutrition
Sivashanmugam Dhandapani and Manju Dhandapani
12. Calorie and protein intake in traumatic brain injury patients
Mohd Ibrahim Abdullah and Aryati Ahmad
13. Lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and traumatic brain injury
Batoul Darwish, Carla El-Mallah, Firas Kobeissy, Wassim Abou-Kheir, and Farah Chamaa
14. Brain trauma, ketogenic diets, ketogenesis, and via enteral nutrition
Hayden White and Aaron Heffernan

Part IV - Cerebral palsy
15. Nutrition and cerebral palsy
Esma Keles Alp
16. Metabolic syndrome in adult cerebral palsy: Implications for diet
Elizabeth Terhune, Alex Tagawa, James Carollo, and Patricia C. Heyn
17. Gut microbiota characteristics in children with cerebral palsy
Yinhu Li and Shuai Cheng Li
18. Swallowing problems: Major components of nutritional deficits in adults with cerebral palsy
You Gyoung Yi

Part V - Dietary neurotoxins
19. Dietary neurotoxins: An overview
Ojaskumar D. Agrawal and Yogesh A. Kulkarni
20. Alcohol consumption induces oxidative damage, neuronal injury, and synaptic impairment: Consequences for our brain health
Margrethe A. Olesen and Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
21. Dietary effects of lead as a neurotoxicant
Ericka Cabañas, George B. Cruz, Michelle A. Vasquez, Jewel N. Joseph, Evan G. Clarke, Asma Iqbal, Bright U. Emenike, Wei Zhu, Patrick Cadet, Narmin Mekawy, Abdeslem El Idrissi, Morri E. Markowitz, and Lorenz S. Neuwirth
22. Environmental toxicants (OPs and heavy metals) in the diet: What are their repercussions on behavioral/neurological systems?
Caridad López-Granero, Michael Aschner, and Fernando Sánchez-Santed

Part VI – Epilepsy
23. Hypercholesterolemic diet and status epilepticus
Romildo de Albuquerque Nogueira, Edbhergue Ventura Lola Costa, Jeine Emanuele Santos da Silva, and Daniella Tavares Pessoa
24. Low glycemic index therapy: What it is and how it compares to other epilepsy diets
Vishal Sondhi and Sheffali Gulati
25. Ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsies
Mario Mastrangelo, Dario Esposito, Sabrina De Leo, and Federica Gigliotti

Part VII - Headaches and migraines
26. The value of fruit and vegetable consumption in pediatric migraine
Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi, Shadi Ariyanfar, Pegah Rafiee, and Mansoureh Togha
27. Dietary trigger factors of migraine
Mei-Ling Sharon Tai

Part VIII - Multiple sclerosis
28. Diet and nutrition in multiple sclerosis management
Rabie Khattab and Yasmin Algindan
29. Dietary fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A new narrative
Sama Bitarafan, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Payam Farahbakhsh, and Danesh Soltani
30. Linking diet, gut microbiota, and multiple sclerosis
Sama Bitarafan, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Payam Farahbakhsh, and Danesh Soltani
31. Restoration of myelination in the central nervous system via specific dietary bioactive lipids: An opportunity to halt disease progression in multiple sclerosis
Liam Graneri, John Mamo, Ryusuke Takechi, and Virginie Lam

Part IX - Neuroinflammation
32. Effect of diet and nutrition on neuroinflammation: An overview
Manisha J. Oza, Anil B. Gaikwad, and Yogesh A. Kulkarni
33. High-fat diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation: Alteration of brain functions and associated aliments
Mohit D. Umare, Komal K. Bajaj, Nitu L. Wankhede, Brijesh G. Taksande, Aman B. Upaganlawar, Milind J. Umekar, and Mayur B. Kale
34. Neural implications of a high-fructose diet
Alix H. Kloster, Emilie L. Bjerring, and Gretchen N. Neigh

Part X - Parkinson’s disease
35. Role of mediterranean diet in Parkinson’s disease
Mohannad A. Almikhlafi, Badrah Alghamdi, and Ghulam Md Ashraf
36. Role of dietary antioxidants and redox status in Parkinson’s disease
Reza Amani and Sanaz Mehrabani
37. Beverages, caffeine, and Parkinson’s disease
Axel Meyer Simonsen, Charalampos Tzoulis, and Karl Bjørnar Alstadhaug
38. The association of diet and its components with changes in gut microbiota and improvement in Parkinson’s disease
Abdolreza Norouzy, Maryam Mohamadinarab, and Hamed Mirzaei Ghazi Kalayeh

Part XI - Peripheral neuropathy
39. Alcohol-related autonomic dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy
Andreas Liampas, Thomas Henry Julian, and Panagiotis Zis
40. Dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and peripheral neuropathy
Masha G. Savelieff, Bhumsoo Kim, Amy E. Rumora, and Eva L. Feldman
41. Caloric restriction as a nutrition strategy in counteracting peripheral neuropathies
Sara Marinelli

Part XII - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
42. The interplay between stress and nutrition during pregnancy: Influence on fetal brain development
Nitu L. Wankhede, Mohit D. Umare, Komal K. Bajaj, Mayur B. Kale, Vaibhav S. Marde, Brijesh G. Taksande, Milind J. Umekar, and Aman B. Upaganlawar
43. Maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infants
Rory J. Heath, Susanna Klevebro, and Thomas R. Wood
44. Early nutrition, growth, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant
Barbara Cormack and Frank Bloomfield
45. Breast milk and cognitive performance in children
Kamini Dangat and Sadhana Joshi
46. Effects of ketogenic diets and ketone supplementation on the nervous system during development: Applications to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia
Calogero Longhitano, Ann-Katrin Kraeuter, Shaileigh Gordon, and Zoltan Sarnyai

Part XIII - Stroke
47. Fluids, energy intake, and stroke
Alex Buoite Stella, Marina Gaio, and Paolo Manganotti
48. Cachexia after stroke
Nadja Scherbakov and Wolfram Doehner
49. Linking stroke and dietary pattern: An Indian perspective
Sandhya Manorenj and Reshma Sultana Shaik
50. Dietary lipids: The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on stroke-related neuronal damage
Kazuo Yamagata
51. Diet quality and stroke
Mitchell Wilson and Jennifer L. Dearborn-Tomazos
52. Recommended resources for diet and nutrition in neurological disorders
Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders:
1. Vitamins and minerals in the context of reference values and requirements
Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias
2. a-Tocopherol for Alzheimer’s disease
Nehad M. Ayoub, Raida W. Khalil, and Amal Kaddoumi
3. Cognitive impairment and micronutrients: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine and implications for dementia
Gianluca Rizzo and Angela Marino
4. Magnesium and Alzheimer’s disease
Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa and Jimmy Li
5. Copper, oxidative stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia
Rosanna Squitti, Mauro Ciro Antonio Rongioletti, and Gianfranco Liguri
6. Chromium and Alzheimer’s disease
Ansab Akhtar and Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
7. Riboflavin and lower motor neuron diseases
Yann Nadjar and Gorka Fernandez

Part III - Brain injury
8. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in brain injury
Stefan W. Leichtle, Sulaiman Al Mohaish, Melissa Sandler, Vishal Yajnik, Dennis J. Rivet, II, Markos Kashiouris, Alpha A. (Berry) Fowler, III, and Gretchen M. Brophy
9. Antioxidants in brain injury with or without antibiotics
Santanu Kaity and Anoop Kumar
10. Vitamin D and traumatic brain injury
Ajay Choudhary, Ashok Kumar, Aakanksha Choudhary, and Kaviraj Kaushik
11. Zinc and traumatic brain injury
Sydney M.A. Juan, Maria Daglas, Phan H. Truong, and Paul A. Adlard

Part IV - Cerebral palsy
12. Cerebral palsy: Evaluating vitamin D levels
Marcela Almeida Linden and Maria Angela Bellomo-Brandão

Part V - Dietary neurotoxins
13. Linking copper and neurotoxic activities
Gesivaldo Santos, Marcos Avila-Rodriguez, Érika Pereira Rubio, Eduardo Galembeck, and Julita Maria Pereira Borges

Part VI - Epilepsy
14. Epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration and vitamin E
Rita Marinelli, Desirée Bartolin, Michele Betti, Anna Migni, Linda Zatini, Giada Marcantonini, Mario Rende, and Francesco Galli
15. Selenium use in epilepsy
Haitham S. Mohammed
16. Reduced vitamin C and minerals in epilepsy
Md. Abdul Aziz and Mohammad Safiqul Islam
17. Thiamine, transporters, and epilepsy
Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay, Arushi Gahlot Saini, and Harjit Singh Mahay

Part VII - Headaches and migraines
18. Riboflavin usage in pediatric migraine
Gaku Yamanaka
19. Vitamin B12, folate, and migraine
Ioannis Liampas, Vasileios Siokas, Christos Bakirtzis, and Efthimios Dardiotis
20. Vitamin D and migraine
Parisa Gazerani

Part VIII - Multiple sclerosis
21. Iron, zinc, and multiple sclerosis patients
Alaa Matar and Jamilah Borja
22. Considerations on vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis
Joost Smolders and Jan Damoiseaux

Part IX - Neuroinflammation
23. Neuroinflammation: Role of magnesium
Renu Agarwal and Igor Iezhitsa
24. Vitamin B12 as a neuroprotectant in neuroinflammation
Larissa Marcely Gomes Cassiano, Marina da Silva Oliveira, and Roney Santos Coimbra
25. Vitamin D3 (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
Iana Bantim Felício Calou, Debora Estadella, Daniel Araki Ribeiro, Milena de Barros Viana, and Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
26. Vitamin C and neuroinflammation
Amanda L. Marino, David C. Consoli, and Fiona E. Harrison
27. Vitamin A and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on neuroinflammatory changes in the brain
Saritha S. Nair, S.H. Priyanka, and M. Indira
28. Fluoride excess and neuroinflammation
Lomas Kumar Tomar, Charu Tyagi, Namrata Dudha, Yugandhar P. Reddy, and Varun Kumar Sharma

Part X - Parkinson’s disease
29. Vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease
Valeria C. Gonçalves, Fulvio A. Scorza, Antônio-Carlos G. de Almeida, and Carla A. Scorza
30. Tocotrienols and Parkinson’s disease: In vitro and in vivo modeling
Tatsuya Matsura, Kazuhiro Nakaso, and Yosuke Horikoshi
31. B vitamins: Pyridoxal phosphate and parkinsonism
Olakunle J. Onaolapo and Adejoke Y. Onaolapo
32. Antioxidant vitamins in Parkinson’s disease: Vitamins A, C, E
Ariel F. Ying and Woon-Puay Koh
33. Role of calcium in Parkinson’s disease
Kiarash Saleki and Payam Saadat
34. Micronutrient levels in Parkinson’s disease
Sakineh Shab-Bidar and Ahmad Jayedi
35. Genes and dietary metals in Parkinson’s disease
Shiek Fareeth Ahmed, Jency Roshni, S. Mahima, and V. Janakiraman

Part XI - Peripheral neuropathy
36. Vitamin D levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Angela, Vanessa Veronica, Febrina Eva Susanto, and Andryawan Wahyu Pradana
37. B vitamins on the nervous system: A focus on peripheral neuropathy
Ana María Páez-Hurtado, Maria Camila Cortes-Albornoz, Diego Alejandro Rodríguez-Gomez, Carlos Calderón-Ospina, and Mauricio Orlando Nava-Mesa

Part XII - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
38. Dietary B-vitamin deficiencies and maternal oversupplementation on neurodevelopment: An updated narrative
McCoy Clementson, Jesse Jauhal, and Nafisa M. Jadavji
39. Essential trace elements in neurodevelopment: An updated narrative
Anatoly Skalny, Lyubov Chernova, and Anastasia Skalnaya
40. Gestational folic acid in neuronal development of the hypothalamus
Gerald Harvey Anderson, Emanuela Pannia, Rola Hammoud, Neil Victor Yang, and Ruslan Kubant

Part XIII - Stroke
41. Vitamin B12, hyperhomocysteinemia, and stroke
J. David Spence
42. Sodium and stroke
Ahmad Jayedi and Sakineh Shab-Bidar
43. Calcium intake and the risk of stroke
Daniel T. Dibaba and Ka Kahe
44. Recommended resources for the study and investigation of vitamins and minerals in neurological disorders
Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Treatments, Nutraceuticals, Supplements and Herbal Medicine in Neurological Disorders:
Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias
1. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.): Applications to Alzheimer’s disease and dementias
Leticia Priscilla Arantes, Daniele Coradini Zamberlan, Marina Lopes Machado, and Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
2. Herbs for Alzheimer’s disease management; clinical studies: A narrative
Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini, and Zahra Memariani
3. Reducing neurodegeneration and oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s disease: Role of the Nrf2 pathway activation by natural compounds
Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo and Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
4. Alzheimer’s disease and green coffee bean extract
Nahla Nabil Younis and Rana Gamal Eissa
5. Callistemon viminalis and protection in Alzheimer’s disease
Yash Prashar and Mandeep Singh
6. Herbs for Alzheimer’s disease management—Preclinical studies: A narrative
Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini, and Zahra Memariani
7. Allicin as nutraceutical usage in Alzheimer’s disease
Shivani Chib, Bhaskar Jyoti Dutta, Sudhanshu, Khadga Raj, and Shamsher Singh

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
8. Rutin and its application to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
UmaMaheswari Krishnan and Banudevi Sivanantham
9. Kaempferol and kaempferide and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
E Srinivasan, G Chandrasekhar, and R Rajasekaran

Part III - Brain injury
10. French maritime pine bark extract and neurological disorders
Mahsa Malekahmadi and Abdolreza Norouzy
11. Angong Niuhuang pill could be an effective medicinal agent for stroke treatment
Jiangang Shen, Hansen Chen, Shuang Chen, Bun Tsoi, and Suhua Qi
12. Polyphenols as therapeutic interventions against cerebral ischemic injury
Uma Maheswari Krishnan, Akhilasree Karthikeyan, and Sathyasivam Kaviarasi
13. Chinese herbal medicine in brain injury and other neurological disorders
Liu Zhike, Angela SM Hung, Erik CH Ko, Johnny CM Koon, and Leung Ping-Chung

Part IV - Dietary neurotoxins
14. Protection by Coriandrum sativum against mercury neurotoxicity
Barbarella de Matos Macchi, Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira, Mois
15. Taurine in symptom amelioration and recovery in lead induced neurotoxicity
Lorenz S. Neuwirth and Bright U. Emenike
16. Omega-3 fatty acid as a protectant in lead-induced neurotoxicity
Pramod Kumar Singh, Manish Kumar Gupta, and Rajendra Nath

Part V – Epilepsy
17. Dietary flavonoids and management of epilepsy
Damanpreet Singh
18. Magnesium supplemental therapy in epileptogenesis and ictogenesis
Jimmy Li and Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa
19. Curcumin usage in epilepsy
Chandra Prakash and Deepak Sharma
20. Triheptanoin as a nutraceutical and its potential use in epilepsy
Giovanna Testa, Mario Costa, and Marco Mainardi

Part VI - Headaches and migraines
21. Dietary supplementation in migraine: A focus on omega-3 fatty acids
Fahimeh Martami and Sakineh Shab-Bidar
22. Headaches, migraine, and herbal medicine
Tzu-Hsuan Wei and Ching-Liang Hsieh
23. Magnesium and migraine
Lidia Savi

Part VII - Multiple sclerosis
24. Betaine as a neuroprotective therapy in multiple sclerosis
Sarah Sternbach and Jennifer McDonough
25. Natural products and their bioactive compounds in multiple sclerosis
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Harsh Vikram Singh, Eva Sharma, Abhishek Sehrawat, Jayapriya Mishra, Umashanker Navik, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
26. The crocin usage in multiple sclerosis
Rezvan Heidarimoghadam and Akram Ranjbar

Part VIII – Neuroinflammation
27. The potential role of herbal medicine and nutraceutical in neuroinflammatory disorders: A mechanistic insight via multisignaling cascades
Adnan Khan, Bushra Shal, Ashrafullah Khan, Hussain Ali, and Salman Khan
28. Arbutin as a natural soluble glycosylated phenol and usage in neuroinflammation
Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hanie Yavarpour Bali, and Sadaf Abdi
29. Plant-based oils used to treat neuroinflammation
Priya Madhavan and Shantini Vijayabalan
30. Antineuroinflammatory potentials of Clinacanthus nutans leaf
Intan Safinar Ismail and Amalina Ahmad Azam
31. Nutraceuticals and bioactive components of herbal extract in the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders
Chandana Choudhury Barua, Daisy Sharma, Ph. Vivekanandini Devi, Jasmin Islam, Birinchi Bora, and Radali Duarah
32. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on neuroinflammation
Vipin V. Dhote, Vaishali A. Kilor, Muthu Kumaradoss Mohan Maruga Raja, Ashish Singhai, Avinash Singh Mandloi, and Aman B. Upaganlawar
33. Neuroprotective potential of quercetin as a nutraceutical targeting fused neuroinflammation in neurological disease
Ayansh Kaushik, Kanupriya Chauhan, and Shamsher Singh

Part IX - Parkinson’s disease
34. Prebiotics and probiotics and Parkinson’s disease
Reza Amani and Sanaz Mehrabani
35. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its use in Parkinson’s disease
Abril Ramírez-Higuera, Carolina Peña-Montes, Alejandra Barroso-Hernández, Óscar López-Franco, and Rosa María Oliart-Ros
36. The flavone chrysin and usage in Parkinson’s disease
Ankita Murmu, Alagudurai Krishnamoorthy, and Murugan Sevanan
37. Blackberry (Morus nigra) usage in Parkinson’s disease
Yasir Hasan Siddique, Gulshan Ara, and Falaq Naz

Part X - Peripheral neuropathy
38. Use of coumarin osthole in peripheral neuropathy
Lovedeep Singh and Rajbir Bhatti
39. Therapeutic benefits of phenolic acids in peripheral neuropathy
Shubhangi H. Pawar, Aman B. Upganlawar, and Chandrashekhar D. Upasani
40. Resveratrol as a potential therapeutic molecule against neuropathy: A new narrative
Irshad Ahmad, Rukkumani Rajagopalan, Abhijit Dey, and Muddasarul Hoda
41. Nutrition and neurological disorders
Prerna Sharma, Aishwarya Gangwar, Nidhi Rani, and Randhir Singh
42. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala fruit on neuropathy
Wathita Phachonpai, Terdthai Tongun, and Jintanaporn Wattanathorn

Part XI - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
43. Nutritional supplementation for the prevention and treatment of neonatal brain injury: Breast milk and beyond
Myrna J.V. Brandt, Cora H. Nijboer, Ruurd M. van Elburg, Manon J.N.L. Benders, and Caroline G.M. de Theije
44. Maternal naringenin supplementation during pregnancy disrupts the redox status in the developing rats’ brain
Bernardo Gindri dos Santos, Pauline Maciel August, and Cristiane Matté
45. Tryptophan as a supplement in cerebral palsy
Diego Cabral Lacerda, Diego Bulcão Visco, and Ana Elisa Toscano
46. Centella asiatica and protection in neurodevelopment
Ganaraja Bolumbu and K.V. Mitha

Part XII – Stroke
47. Genistein and its use as a neuroprotective agent in stroke
Anthony Oppong-Gyebi and Derek A. Schreihofer
48. Leucine-enriched amino acid supplement and use in stroke
Takashi Ikeda and Nobuo Morotomi
49. Arginine and neuroprotection: A focus on stroke
Yasutoshi Koga
50. Isoflavones as nutraceuticals in stroke: Therapeutic targets and signaling pathways
M Ram Pravin Kumar, C Vijayalakshmi, and M Ramanathan
51. Trigonelline and its uses in stroke
Chandana Kambalapally, Pramod Kumar Suthar, Priti Patale, Smreeti Dhiman, Vishal Gupta, Vrushali Thongire, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Aishika Datta, Kiran Kalia, and Pallab Bhattacharya

Part XIII - Resources
52. Recommended resources for studying nutraceuticals, botanical medicine, and neurological disorders
Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy